Suitability of leadership styles to implementing changes

Suitability of softeners miens to implementing changesLeadership styles atomic number 18 the main subject of this chapter. First will be looked at what lead is, thereafter the differences between managers and leadership are mentioned in short. Then, different leadership styles are described and the characteristics of an effective leader are given. Finally, the relation between leadership and changes in the organization as a result of organic growth are discussed and the intimately suitable type of leadership to implement these changes are given.What is leadershipLeadership is a widely studied phenomena in the scientific literature but it is hard to give a consistent and comprehensive definition of it. This is, jibe to Grint (2004), due to lack of agreement on four problems which are related to leadership(1) the border problem is leadership derived from the personal qualities, or is it social process?(2) the position problem has the leader formally allocated authority, or leads he with informal influence?(3) the philosophy problem are actions determined by context and situation, or by intentional influence?(4) the purity problem is leadership an individualistics, or a group phenomenon?In the same year of Grints research publication, Northouse also reviewed his surmisal about leadership. He stated that leadership is a process and involves influence, occurs in a group and involves goal attainment.However, an universal definition of what is meant by organizational leadership is commonly stated as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members.In short, leadership is a combination of the leaders traits, the behaviour of the leader, and the situation in which the leader exist. This means that leadership could be different in each situation.Differences manager and leaderIn many focus books and scientific articles the terms manage r and leader are used interchangeably which imply that these words have the same meaning. Because this is not correct and stooge lead to misconception, the main differences and comparisons between a manager and a leader, based on an article of Abraham Zaleznik (1977), are given in short in table 3.1Managers and leaders. tabulate 3.1 Managers and leadersManagersLeadersAttitudes toward goalsTake an impersonal, passive outlookGoals arise out of necessities, not desires.Take a personal, active outlook. Shape rather than respond to ideas. motley moods evoke images, expectations.Change how people think about whats desirable and possible. Set company direction.Conceptions of workNegotiate and coerce. Balance opposing views.Design compromises. Limit choices. fend off risk.Develop fresh approaches to problems.Increase options. Turn ideas into exciting images.Seek risk when opportunities appear promising.Relation with othersPrefer working with people, but maintain minimal worked up involvem ent. Lack empathy.Focus on process, e.g., how decisions are made rather than what decisions to make.Communicate by sending ambiguous signals. Subordinates perceive them as inscrutable, detached, manipulative. Organization accumulates bureaucracy and policy-making intrigue.Attracted to ideas. Relate to others directly, intuitively, empathetically.Focus on substance of events and decisions, including their meaning for participants.Subordinates describe them with emotionally rich adjectives e.g., love, hate. Relations appear turbulent, intense, disorganized. Yet motivation intensifies, and unanticipated outcomes proliferate.Sense of egotismComes from perpetuating and strengthening existing institutions.Feel part of the organization.Comes from struggles to profoundly alter human and economic relationships.Feel separate from the organization.Different leadership styles and effectivenessTo achieve success, a leader needs an appropriate leadership style which fits within the whole organi zation. Therefore it is crucial to know which different leadership styles there are and which of them are most effective in certain circumstances. Although there are several studies about these topics, just some theories and styles will be explained in this section.The two most fundamentally different and common used leadership styles are transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Transactional leaders adjust their style to the existing organizational culture and operates within that framework. The building is given in which their goals and needs have to be reached. This leaders implement only incremental changes. In contrast of that, transformational leaders have a eject vision of what have to be done, and the organization has to alter to reach this vision. So, the groups wants and needs and the organizations culture need to change. They lead trough implementing radical changes (Bass, 1990).Rooke and Torbert (2005) looked at another course to the topic of leadersh ip. They argues that there are seven transformations of leadership, although seven ways of leading, which they called action logics. Each of the seven transformations is a leaders dominant way of thinking and leaders have the possibility to move through these categories.Out of their research of thousand leaders, they observed the next action logics showed in table 3.2 Seven ways of leading, with their characteristics, their strengths and the section of the sample that belongs to it.Table 3.2 Seven ways of leadingthis action logicAction logicCharacteristicsStrenghts% of research sample profiling at this action logicopportunistWins any way possible. Self-orientedmanipulative might makes right. devout in emergencies andin sales opportunities.5%DiplomatAvoids overt conflict. Wants to belongobeys group norms rarely rocks theboat.Good as supportive gluewithin an office helps bringpeople together.12%ExpertRules by logic and expertise. Seeksrational efficiency.Good as an individualcontribu tor.38%AchieverMeets strategic goals. Effectivelyachieves goals through teams jugglesmanagerial duties and marketdemands.Well suited to managerialroles action and goaloriented.30%IndividualistInterweaves competing personal andcompany action logics. Creates uniquestructures to resolve gaps betweenstrategy and performance.Effective in venture andconsulting roles.10%StrategistGenerates organizational and personaltransformations. Exercises the powerof correlative inquiry, vigilance, andvulnerability for both the short andlong term.Effective as a transformationalleader.4%AlchemistGenerates social transformations. Integratesmaterial, spiritual, and societaltransformation.Good at leading society-widetransformations.1%The managerial implications of these findings is that the Opportunist, Diplomats, and Experts are associated with below average corporate performance. The Achievers are associated with effective implementing of organizational strategies, but only the Individualist, Strategist s, and Alchemist (which accounted for 15% of the sample) have the capacity to innovate and to transform organizations in a successfully way.Because there is no single style that is effective in all situations, Flamholtz created his Leadership Effectiveness framework whereby the situation determines which style of leadership will be most effective. According to Flamholtz, leadership effectiveness is dependent on leadership tasks, situational factors, leadership styles and the combination of the style-situation fit. An overview of Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness framework can be seen in figure 3.1 The Flamholtz leadership effectiveness framework.Figure 3.1 The Flamholtz leadership effectiveness frameworkLeadership EffectivenessLeadership tasksWork Orientation slew OrientationSituational factorsOrganizationWork to be donePeople doing the workLeadership stylesDirectiveInteractiveNondirectiveStyle-Situation FitThe leadership tasks consist of work taste and people orientation. Work or ientation, which means that the work has to be done, is related to goal emphasis and task facilitation. People orientation gives care to the needs of the people doing the work, and is related to personnel development, interaction facilitation and supportive behaviour.The situational factors can be divided into the degree of task programmability, which is the extent to a work task can be contract prior its execution, and the potential for job autonomy, which is the extent to someone can work without supervision.Each leadership category in Flamholtz framework pertains two leadership styles. magisterial and benevolent autocratic belong to the directive category. This styles declares what is to be done respectively without, and with an explanation.Consultative and participative belong to the interactive style. A leader with such a style respectively gets opinions before deciding on the plan presented, or first formulates alternatives with a group and then decides.The last two styles, c onsensus and laissez-fair, belongs to the nondirective category. By the consensus style has every member of the group an equal voice in making decisions, the laissez-faire style leaves it up to the group to decide what to do.Overall, to achieve a high level of effectiveness a leader has to find a balance in emphasizing the work and people orientations of leadership tasks