Jack the Rippers identity Essay Example for Free

Jack the Rippers identity EssayINTRODUCTIONIn August 1888 a shooter who became subsistn as Jack the Ripper committed the low gear of a series of rack ups. To this day the identity of the killer remains a mystery. Five wo workforce were brutally killed in the East End of London, by a maniac who appeared to kill with come show up of the closet warning and with no remorse.Why was the Ripper open to get away with his murders? Why were the legal philosophy powerless to stop him? These are some of the questions that still puzzle Ripperologists who look for Jack the Rippers identity till this day, looking in old archives and books. ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVESResearch and fall upon screwledge on The development of the practice of law makes in Britain in the nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate. arbitrator and order in London in the belated nineteenth century. Whitechapel in the nineteenth century.With this knowledge you should be commensurate to dish the following questions 1. Describe law and order in London in the late nineteenth century. (15 Marks)2. Why did the Whitechapel murders attract so much guardianship in 1888 (15 Marks)3. Why were natural law unable to catch Jack the Ripper? (20 Marks)QUESTIONSQUESTION 1DESCRIBE LAW AND ORDER IN LONDON IN THENINETEENTH CENTRY.(15 Marks)Law and order in London in the late nineteenth century was at a developing level, with new acts introduced this century, the way law and order was dealt with changed as the century was coming to an end.During the early and mid nineteenth century, watchmen patrolled the streets of London and special constables- this was ineffective as the number of civilians living in London appearnumbered those watchmen and constables to a long level. However, the introduction of the new metropolitan Police Force in 1829 was set up to change the situation.The new police thrust put in order by Robert Peel, was first constructed of 3200 men, 17 divisions, 4 inspectors and 144 constables. As with any major introduction of something, in that location were many an(prenominal) early problems for the police force.However, as the years past on, the metropolitan Police force gained to a greater extent experience, and was able to deal to a greater extent effectively with defections of law and order. To gain the commonwealths popularity, the Police Force carefully chose the reproducible for its constables. The force was given a blue uniform, with a tailcoat and a helmet, which replaced the tall hat in 1870. The blue colour of the uniform was chosen because Londoners dislike seeing the redcoats of the army, as this was associated with violence. Blue was the colour of the navy, which was given hero status because of their contribution to the British war effort. This, I view was a good first step for the Met as it made the people appreciate and favour them.During the 1880s, the training of new police come toicers was unsatisfactory, much of the training was on the job a nd constables could often mystify their duty the following day. Ill training meant some police officers were inexperienced and couldnt deal efficiently with crime. This led to many incidents as the police disobeyed instructions. Ill policing alike led to the serious incident named Bloody Sunday on the 13th November 1887. Above all, towards the end of the century, the police were seen as discriminating against Londoners of the lower classes and favouring people in the middle and upper class- this damaged their reputation.Detective work was similarly improved as the nineteenth century progressed. At first, there were only two inspectors and 6 sergeants. It was feared that detectives would sympathize and become too lenient with criminals and as a government issue of this- become corrupt. The late nineteenth century bought radical changes to detective work. In 1869, the discipline Criminal Record was set up and dealt with infamous criminals, thereby reducing the number of crimes. The Detective Department in London was revised in the late nineteenth century- this led to the creation of a Criminal Investigations Department (CID) in 1877. In a space of 5 years, the number of detectives increased by 78, as did the number of arrests made.Increasing the number of detectives alone was not enough, as this didnt increase the efficiency of their work. The detectives had to change the methods which they apply in the early and mid nineteenth century in dealing with disreputable crimes. The detective methods did however change in 1879 in dealing with murder cases. Now, the body of a victim was not take from its murder site, or anything else to do with it. These changes in the detective department showed that law and order was universe enforced more efficiently and more criminals were being put to justice than before.another(prenominal) font that increased the competence of detective work in the late nineteenth century was the introduction of forensics, finger printin g and the Alphonse Bertillon method of identification. With these methods, detectives were able to examine primary or secondary sources got to with a manslayer or victim in order to gather up evidence and find out who the murderer is. This was an important change because murderers could be identified not only by an obvious clue lying in the murder site- this consequently meant that murderers became more intimidated and frightened to carry out a kill.Overall, the development of the police force in London in the late nineteenth century apprize be described as improving but unsatisfactory. I believe that the improvements made to restore law and order was still insufficient. With the state of London at that magazine being 5,255,069- I think having only 1383 police officers on duty was ineffective. Regular patrols could not stop a determined criminal. The police force would need to increase its size by many seasons so as to provide resistance and intimidate criminals. Being in its i nfant years, I think only time will solve this matter because as time passes, there will be improvements in technology, the police will gain more experience and improve their methods of dealing with crime. With the Jack the Ripper murders round the corner, a crime like this will be enough to show the police force what they are lacking, how they are lacking and what things need to be taken into consideration.QUESTION 2WHY DID THE WHITECHAPEL MURDERS ATTRACT SOMUCH ATTENTION IN 1888?(15 Marks)In the space of two months or so, the residents of Whitechapel were horrified at the five murders that occurred in their area by a somewhat unremorseful sexual concomitant murderer that was unknown and could not be found. The mysterious murderer, who came to name himself Jack the Ripper became the focus of the press and media in late 1888, and attracted so much attention as he committed his rather graphic killings to prostitutes who lived on a day-to-day basis.In all(prenominal) of the five mur ders that the Ripper carried out he brutally mutilated the prostitutes, taking out what ever organs out of their bodies using his debatable anatomical skill. In my opinion, I believe the Ripper did possess anatomical/surgical skill, as he was able to take out certain organs like the kidneys out of his victims bodies without causing meaningless cuts.He also used a long bladed spit similar to those used by surgeons while carrying out amputations. The Ripper used this skill while mutilating the bodies of Annie Chapman who had her small intestines withdrawn of her abdomen. Mary Kelly also had her internal organs removed because the Ripper had a lot of time to commit the mutilations as he was alone in a room and could have his privacy away from public sight. I believe it was because of this reason- the ghastly mutilations on the prostitutes- that attracted the most attention to the people and police force as it showed what a determined murderer was capable of doing.Another aspect of the Jack the Ripper case that attracted so much attention in 1888 was Jack the Ripper himself. People were eager to know who the Ripper was, his identity, his background, and simply why he targeted prostitutes and slashed, sliced and sever them the way he did. The letters that he sent to the police caused people and the police themselves to grow horizontal more suspicious about the Ripper. For example, the Dear chief letter made people think that he was American. He portrayed himself as a psychopath through this letter informing the police of what he will do in the future, I shant quit ripping them till I do get buckled. All these queries were supposed to be answered by the metropolitan Police Force however, they werent able to catch the Ripper. This is the reason why the world press degraded them.British newspaper business were eager to sell more and more newspapers these days as the Education Act 1870 made it compulsory for everyone to attend school, meaning that now most of the B ritish population was literate. The Fleet avenue newspapers competed by writing articles, that more likely were incorrect and unreliable. However, the only thing that mattered to the newspapers at the time was selling, and as the British population was enthusiastic about the murders carried out by Jack the Ripper, they published incorrect material. This shows how much attention Jack the Ripper attracted, as to keep him in the minds of the British population, the very source that everyone depended on rotund the truth, told a lieThe world press also played a big role in attracting attention to the murders. They deeply investigated the murders and at times produced off-key information and rumours that made the populace even more fearful and intimidated to stroll through the alleys of Whitechapel at night. Offering rewards was a tactic that the police used later on, which it previously thought was insufficient to collect evidence about Jack the Ripper and his whereabouts. By this, man y people were attracted to the case and produced false evidence only if to get a reward in the end. This afterwards proved to be totally unsatisfactory as the police found the probe harder as many people brought forward different and inconclusive information with regard to the identity of the Ripper.The double murders that took place in the night of the 30th of September 1888 also caused people to grow fearful and attentive in the East End of London. The first victim of the double murders was Elizabeth Stride who was found to have several cuts in the distinguish and windpipe. It was supposed that the horse and cart of Louis Diemschutz who worked near to the scene of the murder disturbed the Ripper. Because of this, the Ripper went and murdered a fourth prostitute named Catherine Eddowes less than half a stat mi away.What was peculiar about the Eddowes murder was not only that she had her intestines, left kidney and womb removed but that written in chalk above the dead womans pr oscenium were the words The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed For nothing. This could have been a genuine clue for the MPF as to who the Ripper was as they could have seen whether the book of this matched the handwriting of the letters he sent to the police. But before they could do so, Sir Charles Warren, Commissioner of the MPF ordered the writing to be removed immediately to prevent any anti-semitic tension.Another reason why Jack the Ripper attracted so much attention, was because of the tension between political parties. A serial killer was out in the streets of London, killing innocent women, and sitting in Parliament were politicians who looked to be doing nothing about this. As a result of the Jack the Ripper murders, the poverty stricken area of Whitechapel was strong known, and so was the poverty that the residents suffered. Opposition parties in the Government saw this as an opportunity, to attack the Government, in saying that the poverty that they (the governm ent) had not solved was to blame for these murders. If there were no poverty in Whitechapel, then single women would not have had to result to prostitution, and Jack the Ripper would have had no prostitutes to murder. Jack the Ripper attracted so much attention, that even the politicians in Parliament were talking about his actions.In conclusion, I think that it was the way in which the prostitutes were brutally butchered, and the perplexity that the Metropolitan Police Force face up with dealing with the murders are what engrossed so much attention in 1888. In particular, I think the murder of Mary Kelly- the last of the Ripper murders- is what attracted the majority of attention in the Ripper case as the victim was viciously mutilated. There were cuts all over her body and most internal organs had been removed. The breasts were also cut off as well as her uterus. The heart was removed and could not be located. Because of this, I think it was this murder that made people most fear ful and unbroken the dark alleys of Whitechapel deserted at night as the people living their knew that a determined murderer could well be at their doorsteps next.QUESTION 3WHY WERE THE POLICE UNABLE TO CATCH JACK THERIPPER?(20 Marks)The police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper for several major reasons. It was mainly that the police did not know who or what they were dealing with. This was due to the fact that Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer to be reported on at such a scale. The police were unsuspecting of the fact that they were dealing with a serial killer, and more importantly did not know what a serial killer was.Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer who had been focused on at such a scale by the newspapers or the media. This was mainly due to the fact that most of the adult population of the time were now able to read and write due to the Education Act 1870. This encouraged the newspapers to write more about the Ripper, sometimes quoting unreliable sour ces which were also used by the police, leading them to false leads. As more and more of the public were getting interested in the Ripper murders, newspapers felt that they had to publish something on the Ripper murders other the public would loose interest and the newspaper company loose money. Hence the newspapers were forced into writing false/incorrect information in their articles.As the methods of investigation used by the police were still developing, and forensic science just starting, the Metropolitan police were unsure about how to conduct their investigation. As a result they resulted to any means possible and even took the false words of the newspapers as being true. Despite the fact that forensics experts of the time had visited the crime scenes and had drawn certain conclusions, the Metropolitan police still followed the false information published in the newspapers, despite the fact that it contradicted the conclusions drawn by the forensics experts. This shows how undeveloped the methods of investigation of the police was at the time as police were following information given by drunken lunatics who were full-grown witness accounts only to earn a little easy money, and found their witness accounts on the stereotypical image of the Ripper at the time to try and catch one of the most cunning and clever serial killers of all time.Another major factor why the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper was that their nature of investigation was too narrow and that they should have widened their scope. At first the Metropolitan police believed that Jack the Ripper was someone local, from the evidence shown from his knowledge of the layout of all the alleyways and roads of Whitechapel. This enabled him to move very trueheartedly and freely around the Whitechapel area without the police being able to catch him. This was very important because by the time the body of Jack the Rippers next victim was discovered he would have been long gone. A rumou r had been spread about a man known as Leather Apron as being the serial killer, Jack the Ripper.The police were intrigued by this information and were quick to respond. They arrested a man called John Pizer, a butcher from the Whitechapel area. He was foreign as many of the witness accounts suggested, and wore a leather apron, giving him the name Leather Apron. However he had an alibi, which cleared him of all charges. Again the police had followed false leads and had cadaverous more time. This then lead the police to believe that the murder was someone who was not from the Whitechapel area but could have had a job or another sort of connection within the area, because of his knowledge of the layout of Whitechapel.The police used many techniques to try and catch Jack the Ripper, however none of them succeeded. Firstly, the Metropolitan police increased the number of police officers and constables on the beat (on duty), each being placed within five minutes of walking distance of e ach other. However this did not work as the Ripper was still too quick for the Metropolitan police. Another method used by the police was to try and go undercover to catch Jack the Ripper. Some officers dressed up as prostitutes to try and lure Jack the Ripper into spending some time with them. However this did not work as there were no female officers at the time, and the men who dressed up still wore their typical police boots which were still recognisable despite the heavily polluted smog that filled the air, blowing their disguise. Again the police had wasted more time, as their method of investigation was still unreasonable.These thoughtless actions were not kept quiet. Jack the Ripper news attracted worldwide attention. These actions were even commented on in the fresh York Times, the London Police must be the stupidest police force in the World. This did not give a good impression of the Metropolitan police force.On conclusion the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper b ecause of their lack of knowledge of serial killers and the undeveloped methods of investigation they used. When Jack the Ripper first started his campaign of murder, the police were unaware that they were dealing with a serial killer and more importantly did not know what a serial killer was.This was to the disadvantage to the police, as they did not know how to catch Jack the Ripper. Another factor why the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper was the little knowledge of forensic science that they had at the time. The police were uneducated in forensic science, and in many occasions altered the scene of the crime. Lastly, the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper because of the methods that they used. The police at the time were uneducated in undercover work as well. They did not know how to disguise themselves into the normal population to trap Jack the Ripper.

Can Death of a Salesman be Described as a Tragedy Essay Example for Free

Can expiry of a Sales part be Described as a tragedy Es claimAristotle first defined a tragedy in literature as a story where the chief(prenominal) character is a hero a very brilliant person except that he has one major flaw which leads to his downfall, namely, finale. Shakespeare then expanded on this and produced his world famous tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and Hamlet. In all of these capers, the main character is a person of high social standing and exceptionally talented, however each has a very near flaw as well. For example, Romeo is of Italian nobility and is very efficient with a sword and dagger but he is a fool for love and travel in love with Juliet as soon as he sees her, patronage already being in love with Rosaline beforehand. That is the flaw which eventually leads to his demise. This definition has everyplace time become the benchmark for a tragedy. Arthur Miller was an immigrant to the USA and can be seen as the opposite of Willy. Wil ly, however, is a proud born and bred American and holds to join the very fundamentals of the American Dream a very capitalistic ethos.Miller, on the other hand, had communist beliefs which eventually landed him in trouble with the government. both(prenominal) Death of a Salesman and another of Millers come acrosss, All My Sons both have the erectations of the American Dream and also both secretly criticize the capitalistic belief. In Death of a Salesman, Willy dies just trying to live the American Dream and he never gives up on it an indication of his extreme optimism in all things despite how blatantly unrealistic achieving the American Dream was for him.The characterisation of Willy Loman is also preferably interesting. He strives to be like a very old, successful salesman he met that worked from home, who when he died, numerous people he knew went to his funeral. He is someone everyone can relate to and make us love him, but he also has qualities that we all anathematis e and make us hate him at times. This is purposefully done by Miller to only make it much shocking when Willy dies in the end despite it is made quite obvious to readers it is inevitable.His name is also carefully planned out by Miller Willy is an average name and nothing special, but his agnomen is a clear reference to what he is. Loman low man is clearly meant to show how ordinary he is, despite just how much Willy strives to be the opposite. Willys main character flaw is that he is just too proud. For example, when he is offered a job by Charley his neighbour after being fired, Willy straight out refuses and is quite offended as he sees it as giving up and asking for help. This is shown by when Willy says, I dont want your goddam jobAfter Charley politely offers him a good one. Willys strong beliefs in the American Dream are also shown when he says, A man cant go out the way he came in, Ben, a man has to add up to something, by coming in, Willy means when a man is born and by going out, Willy means when a man dies. Also, adding up to something must mean being rich in Willys context. This follows the American Dream in that a man makes something of himself from nothing. Willys greatest fear has always been decease with nothing exactly what happens in the end.A use of dramatic irony by Miller, Willy willingly fulfils his own utmost fear. That quotation is also foreshadowing Willys death another intentional device by Miller. Besides his pride, another flaw of Willy is very poor and deteriorating mental health and he is subject to random flashbacks and hallucinations very much of his dead and once very successful older brother, Ben, someone Willy idolizes. An example of one of his hallucinations is when Willy says, Ben, Ive been waiting for so long, despite Ben being dead at this point. The play is also cleverly structured by Miller.Music for example a flute plays in the background during some scenes for an added dramatic effect. This flute is heard in both the opening and ending scene. The play also makes heavy use of flashbacks, but sometimes a flashback scene plays on stage at the said(prenominal) time as the scene set in the present. This technique is seen in Act Two, while Willy is in the restaurant with Biff and Happy. On the whole, the structure is skillfully use to make the storyline more immersive to the audience. Although, it does not have the same level of effect when being read from a book.The historical context of the play greatly influences both the themes and language of the play greatly. Death of a Salesman is set during the late 1940s. This time setting influences both the characters and the audience, as the play first premiered on the tenth of February, 1949 the smell of Willy Loman was something Americans going to watch the play at that time could relate to. Sixty years on, more modern audiences will react differently as times have changed and the idea of the American Dream isnt as dominant anymore. Besi des the American Dream, other common themes can be found in the play.Betrayal is quite clear as Willy betrays Linda by cheating on her with the Woman, and Willy also sees the way Biff rebels against him as betrayal and as Willy himself says, foulness . Another major theme would be one man Willy in this case being kept back from his dreams by society. In addition, the language used by characters matches the historical setting and context. In performances of the play, characters do not usually have the young Yorker accent you would expect, but they talk like a New Yorker. For example, words like gee, and rhetorically asking the person they are talking to if they hear this?On the subject of whether we can define Death of a Salesman as a tragedy or not is not a simple question as there is substantial evidence for both sides of the argument. To begin with, those who say that it is a tragedy may argue that it ends with the death of Willy, the main character, just like other tragedies . Moreover, Willy has explicit flaws which slowly lead to his downfall throughout the play. Finally, Willy may not ever do anything that can be deemed heroic, but within his own household he is very much a figure that is looked up to so it may still be a tragedy, albeit on a less grand scale.In contrast, you could argue that it is not a tragedy as all other characters from Shakespeares tragedies were people of high standing whereas Willy is not. Additionally, Willy is not at all a hero by any definition in item he is in some ways a bad person as will be shown. Finally, Shakespeares heroes have quite dramatic flaws, whereas Willy has the same flaws as every ordinary human being. These are quite convincing arguments to why it isnt a tragedy. We will be looking at each argument more in-depth.The play follows the tragedies of Shakespeare in that the main character dies in the end. Willy commits suicide by crashing his car so that his family would get the life insurance money of $20, 000 and make life easier for them. This is of course a noble reason to kill oneself as it is very selfless. However, it would make Willy a hypocrite as killing himself is also him giving up something he condemned. Nevertheless, his intentions were admirable and this could make him seen as a hero since he willingly died for a selfless cause.

Character Analysis: Theory Of Personality Development

Character Analysis Theory Of Personality DevelopmentIn the analysis of the oneness character Rachel in the 1968 movie Rachel Rachel by Paul Newman, I pass water used the Theory of Personality Development by Freud Sigmund (1856-1939). Sigmund fetched this theory about psychoanalysis from his whole kit on patients with mental problems several years back. In this theory, Freud Sigmund believed that allthe spheres of some(prenominal)ones personality were in one way or an opposite determined by the sex of the person and aggression.Sigmund believed that other factors that shapedsomeones character withal developed during this period of personality development which in totality determined the adults personality and how intimately they relate with the world. According to Freud Sigmund the ternion elements that marque the personality are the Id, the ego and the superego.The ID is the bust we are born with and is the part of us that requirements us to be comfort subject. For instanc e children forget cry when they are athirst(p) until they are fed in complete disregard of whether there is food or not or even whether the person projecting to them is busy or not. As we acquire observed around us, a child willing always cry until what they want is make for them or given to them.The Ego is believed to develop in children from three years of age onwards. This part enables one to realize the realities of life. At this stage of development a child butt joint in truth distinctly understand the consequences of their actions. For instance they fuck understand that some unpleasing actions can make them to be punished or rewarded.Main Body AnalysisThe Superego is the part that develops by the succession a child reaches five years. Once the superego develops the cycle of personal development is completed and one attains a balanced personality. The superego is also cognise as the conscience because it helps us distinguish between wrong and right actions and it als o defines for us the ethics and morals by which we merry.The movie Rachel Rachel based on the novel Jest of God by Margaret Laurence is about a 35-year-old shallowteacher Rachel Cameron who is unmarried and is portrayed in the movie as feeling terrible that she has reasonless her life. The Inter master key education would also enable me to involve all the necessary stakeholders in cases of emergency so as to limit conflicts and ensure the address of quality wellness and kindly bang. For instance, in case I will be faced with a similar station as the drunken patient case, I would be able to reassure the patient and ensure that they have plenty of drip water added to their body, while ensuring that before I take any steps, I inquire with other adult nurses and doctors.In addition, I would advocate for joint multi-disciplinary training so as to ensure increased harmony among the IP group members at the work place. Moreover, I would also ensure that there is a intelligibly dist inct role defined for each IP aggroup member so that each member contri alonees to the situation at travel by. The role of rough-and-ready communication would be key to the success of my tutorshiper as an adult nurse. This is because the service drug user and the nurses as well as the doctors would require k instantlying the progress of the patient as he is being interacted. In the above case, after treating the patient, he will be moved to the recovery ward where he will be attended to by other nurses and wellness care givers. These wellness care givers will require knowe the progress report of the patient, which I would ensure that they have in good time. As an adult nurse, the value of communication is immeasurableThe star character Rachel lives with her mother in an apartment that was erst owned by her late father in New England. It is time for the summer holidays and Rachel is not demented worry the other teachers about the vacation as she figures it will just be anoth er holiday when she will be bored and she will have to arrogate up with her demanding mother in the house.In the movie, another character Calla Mackie who happens to be Rachels best friend,a lesbian and a fellow teacherpersuades and invites Rachel to attend a religious meeting with her. Rachel is convinced into attending the meeting and while there she is touched by the sermon delivered by the guest preacher who is a new man.This incidence marks the beginning of a series of several other events which will convince Rachel to get out of the cocoon she was hiding in and live in the real world where she can freely express her emotions and desires. Calla also feeling touched by the sermon confesses her feelings for her best friend but she is turned down by Rachel who does not have lesbian tendencies.After the religious meeting and Rachel feeling that she can express her emotions and love to those she cares about she gets convolute in a short lived informal race with their old family friend Nick Kazlik who was back in town to visit his folks. Rachel then has her first sexual relationship with Nickshe falls in lovewith him and starts thinking of a future with Nickmistaking the lust they have for one another for love. Nick on the other hand on noticing that Rachel is treating their relationship more seriously than it ought to be treated ends the fling because to him it was just a casual affair.Shortly after Rachel suspects that she might have fall pregnant and this really makes her happy as she imagines having a baby of her own.Rachel therefore plans to relocate elsewhere to a place where she can raise her child now that her relationship with Nick is short-lived. Her best friend Calla helps her get another teaching job in operating theater but Rachel soon finds out that she is not pregnant but has a benign cyst. A surgery is organized and after having the cyst removed Rachel still decides to move away with her mother to Oregon and even though she is feeling alon e and empty because of the loss of the man she loved and her supposed baby, she has a strong will to continue with her life.Rachels ExperienceRachel Rachel is a very moving romance, classic and drama themed movie that shows the loneliness and existence of some ladies in real life where someone does not get what they have always treasured or where life seems so unfair to someone. The problem could be in our personalities where we have internal battles within us over what we want and what society or everyone else will say about us. in that location were several ideologies that the students discussed in low tones relating to the behavior of these students. However, this was solo qualified by the fact that the medical exam profession students liked discussing their peers conduct and professional ethics. In this book, I learnt that Rachel had issues with other students conduct which frequently extended to the rest of the other peers both at school and at home. I concurred with critics that she a lot exhibited this trend. The rest of the police squad members agreed that the time limit of work in groups could not be construed to mean that medical students were often too pervasive. The setting of the group work was more controlled, thus limiting the results of the findings. It was agreed within my group that the real picture could be depicted in the work place though with limited variations. This was the case with the attitude of the medical students towards other medical students as well as the other students in common. The multi-disciplinary team meeting gave me insights and adequate experience in relation to the kind of communication among different professional team members. They were constantly evaluating her work which sounded kind of uneasy for Rachel. owing(p) a balanceIn emotionally sound persons, the ego normally comes out as the strongest element of personality taking care of both the Id and the superego. When these three elements are balanced someon e is able to survive and exist well without taking undue advantage of others.Unfortunately not all of us can have the ego coming out stronger than our Ids and superegos. For some the Id is stronger and such a person will be self-centered and concerned only with their wellbeing and if the superego also happens to be stronger such a person can be too hard on themselves, have judgmental tendencies and relating with others would be extremely difficult for them. standardised mentioned earlier the three elements are driven by sex and aggression. Sex which Freud calls the Eros stands for our desire to reproduce and live. Aggression on the other hand represents our aim to acquire more wealth and protect our lives.According to Freudstheory, our ego therefore has so many tasks. It is charged with the duty of checking that everything is balanced, it deals with lifes challenges and ensures that our actions do not hurt those we care about and all this is done by employing ego defense mechanisms likeDenial- where we pretend that a problem does not exist.Suppression- where we consciously block out some thoughts from our minds especially thoughts that can hurt our feelings.Regression- where we can go back to decisions we had do earlier on.Rationalization- where we come up with logical explanations to problems or difficult situations instead of admitting the truth.Projection- where we put behaviors that are unpleasing on other people.Consequently, after looking at the storyline of the movie briefly and having explained the theory of Personality Development of the psyche by Freud Sigmund, we can say that Rachel the lead character in the movie had a personality problem. This is evident in several waysFirst at 35 years of age, Rachel was still a single woman never married before and still a virgin. This shows that Rachels ego could probably be weaker than the other twain elements of her personality because in Freuds explanation there reaches a point in life when every human be ing of reproductive age would like to reproduce and have offspring of their own. And that is why when Rachel suspects that she is pregnant and her belly starts swelling she is so excited. Even though she could have ended up being a single mother she does not seem bothered at all. All that seemed to pre occupy her mind was the fact that she would have her own baby finally.This shows that Rachels super ego couldbe very untold stronger than her ego and her Id and that is why she was a virgin till late into her life.Secondly, Rachel looks like she has a personality development problem because she had not known who she was or what she wanted in her life before she and her friend Calla attended the crusade. It is while at the crusade that Rachel decides to have a free spirit.Rachel looks like she was hiding in some shell and it was the young preacher who helped her get out of it after which she had a sexual relationship with Nick.In this case we conclude that it is Rachels superego whi ch was dominant once again because her morals were probably too uptight that she could not have sex before marriage. I also learnt that adult nurses should learn to downplay their differences for the parkland good of their patients. I also learnt that the power and authority held by students in their past affected the IP collaboration. Critics subsequently felt beaten at it. However, this has changed owing to the modern reorganization of the healthcare delivery. I learnt that other team members have now been given a chance to take lead roles in the delivery of quality health and social care. This kind of delegation was necessary due to the busy schedule of the doctors. This had to be communicated effectively within the Interprofessional teams. Nurses have been empowered and can now play a vital role which was traditionally reserved for lead doctors in the health care centers. IP on the job(p) has therefore made nurses more powerful and authoritative thus providing them with ardent experience to further their careers.Rachel also does not seem to enjoy her life. Schools have closed and people are happy to be going on vacation but Rachel on the other hand is just there not excited about the holidays like everyone else. Rachel was more of an outgoing kind of person than any other character in the movie. In fact, the movie depicts Rachel as aggressive lass who not only care about her own affairs and her state of being but also the state of others. It is indeed appalling to learn that she attempts to repair the bad relationship that others have been nurturing all this while. It should be remembered that Rachels earlier background is one to reckon. I ac companionship the fact that working together as a team is underlying to the success of my career. There are many times when I will have to consult various health and social care practitioners to effectively treat or deal with complications that may arise during intercession. Likewise, such professional team members may require my help in dealing with social, physical and mental health problems. I also appreciate the fact that effective communication within the IP teams is key since no professional staff within the health and social care can work in isolation. Professional health and social team members should attend the same training session so as to ameliorate their IP team collaboration. Her character is mostly confused to be that of a person who is very strict and stern with all aspects of her life. This indeed helps to illuminate on the kind of character that we expect her to have.The issue again could be that her superego dominates over the other elements of her personality so much that Rachel is uptight and her conscience cannot allow her to fuck up in activities that are fun even during vacation.Rachel does not seem to make decisions or to be in total control of her life. When she gets invited by Calla to attend a revival meeting Rachel goes just to please her best friend not that sh e really cared what was going to happen at the meeting. Fortunately for Rachel, it is a time she gets to discover herself and start doing things that other normal adults do without feeling guilty about anything. She even gets to fall in love for someone something she had never done all her entire life.The best thing is that the movie ends when Rachel seems like she is beginning to have a grip of her life and that her own life is beginning to bring meaning to her and excite her as well. Hopefully she found the love of her life where they relocated to.In the movie Rachel Rachel, several people are struggling with personality issues. The theory by Freud has helped us to study an individuals character and to be able to draw a conclusion concerning the level of development of the Id,ego and superego.My ExperienceDuring my internship at the general ward as a practicing nurse to be, I was able to experience teamwork conflicts. This experience played well during the conference, thus enabli ng me to learn more from a practical approach. I was also able to share my experience with the other IP team members. I also learnt important aspects of IP communication and working that are integral to the success of IP collaboration. These include, not using jargons, listening whenever other team members are talking, questioning assumptions sensibly, promoting the rights and dignity of IP team members. There are trustworthy terms that adult nurses will use which cause confusion and ambiguity, thus making others who assume the meaning of jargons to error.On the other hand, I would also learn to resolve ethical issues within my IP team. Certain ethical issues are bound to affect the IP collaboration within my working teams. I would therefore respect other IP team members ethical standing and approach any indifference with a voice of reason in a bid to drive sense into the team members understanding. Indeed, most of the team members agreed to the fact that discrimination was indeed a shared concern.During my internship, I watched a patient walk in with his girlfriend. It was evident that from the start, the doctor on call could not give effective direction and as if this was not enough, the doctor could not take a leadership role and advice the girlfriend to calm down. I believe as a future adult nurse, I would have turnoutd this situation with more wit. My first step would have been to take control of the situation and give the patient options with the benefits of each. This would have given more insight to the girlfriend and fasten the conflict.I would also initiate active communication with the rest of the adult nurses for consultation in privacy. Interprofessional education would have enabled me to effectively initiate communication with my team members, thus taking control of the situation in good time. As an adult nurse, every patients condition is important since my core value is to preserve life.I have also learnt the effectiveness of working in part nership with the patients through listening and responding to their concerns. I have also learnt that it would be important to consult with the patients regarding their treatment and care before commencing such. While reflecting this experience, I shall work closely with my team members as an adult nurse and constantly communicate with the relevant authorities and IP team members for quality health and social care delivery.I truly acknowledge that I would need a succinct understanding of teamwork and modern approaches towards health and social solutions. As a future adult nurse, I will always ensure that I initiate effective communication with the rest of my IP team members so as to work together for the common good of the patients. The experience that I learnt was indeed useful as it would enable me to effectively puzzle a successful adult nurse who would stand out from the rest. The person-centred approach was particularly imperative in ensuring that I am able to understand the propagation of multi-disciplinary teamwork.I indeed acknowledge that issues relating to patient care should be approached with interprofessional teamwork so that each medical practitioner offers advice in his or her area of professional knowledge while ensuring that they work as a team.My experience at the multi-disciplinary conference would enable me to become a successful adult nurse who values teamwork and professional collaboration. This conference has also enabled me to have a clear picture of what medical professionals go through and what can be done to avert such challenges. I now feel adequately capable of tacking these challenges that my career as an adult nurse will provide. I have also learnt to take into key out the views of other people when making important decisions. Indeed issues of race, gender, class and sexuality among others should not affect multi-disciplinary teamwork. Cultural and social differences should not be construed as effective barriers to IP teamwork . As a future adult nurse, the conference was a brainstorming session which expanded my experience.I was also able to learn that certain general terms used by patients to refer to their illness may indeed cause great confusion among professional health and social care practitioners. These are referred to as stereotypes. In such a situation, the health and social professional practitioner should consult the other members of his or her IP group or team so as to come up with the proper interpretation thus limit errors in the treatment of the patients condition. Synergy model of nursing supports this parentage and calls for more consultation in the treatment of the patient.The group discussion on IP education enabled me to visualize the reality between theory and practice. The patient-centred perspective was clearly illuminated by the patients voice presentation. The exclusion of IP working has been seen in collaborative treatment. Decisions made by individual inexperienced doctors hav e been tragic. The case of capital of Seychelles Climbie and Baby Peter can best illuminate this when Baby Tiffany passed on due to negligence. Findings from this tragic situation enabled doctors and nurses to establish a framework that saw the legal community of such situations. It was agreed that IP teams would not be able to prevent the occurrence of every tragic incidence. Some would indeed be inevitable. Hence, I was able to learn the value of communication and collaboration in the build up to my career as an adult nurse.Calla also seems to be struggling with her sexuality. She is a lesbian but before the Christian revival she cannot confess her feelings to Rachel because of the societys views on the subject but after the meeting everyone is feeling like they can consecrate up and that is when she openly tells Rachel of her feelings even though she is turned down.ConclusionIn conclusion, we can say that the three elements that make up someones personality are very crucial in molding the character of someone and greatly influence what someone turns into when they are adults. We should therefore strive to help the Id, ego and superego to grow well and the ego especially should be nurtured to surpass the other two in dominance, because as research has shown for a sound thinking adult, the ego should dominate. As much as this may not be achieved in all people, those who hang around children should motivate them so that they do not have problems in due date in identity or of self-esteem like was the case of Rachel and Calla. Rachels super-ego is something to reckon with though at times she seems to be not confident enough to tackle the situation at hand. She stands out as a she-wolf, always seizing any opportunity that comes her way.

Suitability of leadership styles to implementing changes

Suitability of softeners miens to implementing changesLeadership styles atomic number 18 the main subject of this chapter. First will be looked at what lead is, thereafter the differences between managers and leadership are mentioned in short. Then, different leadership styles are described and the characteristics of an effective leader are given. Finally, the relation between leadership and changes in the organization as a result of organic growth are discussed and the intimately suitable type of leadership to implement these changes are given.What is leadershipLeadership is a widely studied phenomena in the scientific literature but it is hard to give a consistent and comprehensive definition of it. This is, jibe to Grint (2004), due to lack of agreement on four problems which are related to leadership(1) the border problem is leadership derived from the personal qualities, or is it social process?(2) the position problem has the leader formally allocated authority, or leads he with informal influence?(3) the philosophy problem are actions determined by context and situation, or by intentional influence?(4) the purity problem is leadership an individualistics, or a group phenomenon?In the same year of Grints research publication, Northouse also reviewed his surmisal about leadership. He stated that leadership is a process and involves influence, occurs in a group and involves goal attainment.However, an universal definition of what is meant by organizational leadership is commonly stated as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members.In short, leadership is a combination of the leaders traits, the behaviour of the leader, and the situation in which the leader exist. This means that leadership could be different in each situation.Differences manager and leaderIn many focus books and scientific articles the terms manage r and leader are used interchangeably which imply that these words have the same meaning. Because this is not correct and stooge lead to misconception, the main differences and comparisons between a manager and a leader, based on an article of Abraham Zaleznik (1977), are given in short in table 3.1Managers and leaders. tabulate 3.1 Managers and leadersManagersLeadersAttitudes toward goalsTake an impersonal, passive outlookGoals arise out of necessities, not desires.Take a personal, active outlook. Shape rather than respond to ideas. motley moods evoke images, expectations.Change how people think about whats desirable and possible. Set company direction.Conceptions of workNegotiate and coerce. Balance opposing views.Design compromises. Limit choices. fend off risk.Develop fresh approaches to problems.Increase options. Turn ideas into exciting images.Seek risk when opportunities appear promising.Relation with othersPrefer working with people, but maintain minimal worked up involvem ent. Lack empathy.Focus on process, e.g., how decisions are made rather than what decisions to make.Communicate by sending ambiguous signals. Subordinates perceive them as inscrutable, detached, manipulative. Organization accumulates bureaucracy and policy-making intrigue.Attracted to ideas. Relate to others directly, intuitively, empathetically.Focus on substance of events and decisions, including their meaning for participants.Subordinates describe them with emotionally rich adjectives e.g., love, hate. Relations appear turbulent, intense, disorganized. Yet motivation intensifies, and unanticipated outcomes proliferate.Sense of egotismComes from perpetuating and strengthening existing institutions.Feel part of the organization.Comes from struggles to profoundly alter human and economic relationships.Feel separate from the organization.Different leadership styles and effectivenessTo achieve success, a leader needs an appropriate leadership style which fits within the whole organi zation. Therefore it is crucial to know which different leadership styles there are and which of them are most effective in certain circumstances. Although there are several studies about these topics, just some theories and styles will be explained in this section.The two most fundamentally different and common used leadership styles are transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Transactional leaders adjust their style to the existing organizational culture and operates within that framework. The building is given in which their goals and needs have to be reached. This leaders implement only incremental changes. In contrast of that, transformational leaders have a eject vision of what have to be done, and the organization has to alter to reach this vision. So, the groups wants and needs and the organizations culture need to change. They lead trough implementing radical changes (Bass, 1990).Rooke and Torbert (2005) looked at another course to the topic of leadersh ip. They argues that there are seven transformations of leadership, although seven ways of leading, which they called action logics. Each of the seven transformations is a leaders dominant way of thinking and leaders have the possibility to move through these categories.Out of their research of thousand leaders, they observed the next action logics showed in table 3.2 Seven ways of leading, with their characteristics, their strengths and the section of the sample that belongs to it.Table 3.2 Seven ways of leadingthis action logicAction logicCharacteristicsStrenghts% of research sample profiling at this action logicopportunistWins any way possible. Self-orientedmanipulative might makes right. devout in emergencies andin sales opportunities.5%DiplomatAvoids overt conflict. Wants to belongobeys group norms rarely rocks theboat.Good as supportive gluewithin an office helps bringpeople together.12%ExpertRules by logic and expertise. Seeksrational efficiency.Good as an individualcontribu tor.38%AchieverMeets strategic goals. Effectivelyachieves goals through teams jugglesmanagerial duties and marketdemands.Well suited to managerialroles action and goaloriented.30%IndividualistInterweaves competing personal andcompany action logics. Creates uniquestructures to resolve gaps betweenstrategy and performance.Effective in venture andconsulting roles.10%StrategistGenerates organizational and personaltransformations. Exercises the powerof correlative inquiry, vigilance, andvulnerability for both the short andlong term.Effective as a transformationalleader.4%AlchemistGenerates social transformations. Integratesmaterial, spiritual, and societaltransformation.Good at leading society-widetransformations.1%The managerial implications of these findings is that the Opportunist, Diplomats, and Experts are associated with below average corporate performance. The Achievers are associated with effective implementing of organizational strategies, but only the Individualist, Strategist s, and Alchemist (which accounted for 15% of the sample) have the capacity to innovate and to transform organizations in a successfully way.Because there is no single style that is effective in all situations, Flamholtz created his Leadership Effectiveness framework whereby the situation determines which style of leadership will be most effective. According to Flamholtz, leadership effectiveness is dependent on leadership tasks, situational factors, leadership styles and the combination of the style-situation fit. An overview of Flamholtz Leadership Effectiveness framework can be seen in figure 3.1 The Flamholtz leadership effectiveness framework.Figure 3.1 The Flamholtz leadership effectiveness frameworkLeadership EffectivenessLeadership tasksWork Orientation slew OrientationSituational factorsOrganizationWork to be donePeople doing the workLeadership stylesDirectiveInteractiveNondirectiveStyle-Situation FitThe leadership tasks consist of work taste and people orientation. Work or ientation, which means that the work has to be done, is related to goal emphasis and task facilitation. People orientation gives care to the needs of the people doing the work, and is related to personnel development, interaction facilitation and supportive behaviour.The situational factors can be divided into the degree of task programmability, which is the extent to a work task can be contract prior its execution, and the potential for job autonomy, which is the extent to someone can work without supervision.Each leadership category in Flamholtz framework pertains two leadership styles. magisterial and benevolent autocratic belong to the directive category. This styles declares what is to be done respectively without, and with an explanation.Consultative and participative belong to the interactive style. A leader with such a style respectively gets opinions before deciding on the plan presented, or first formulates alternatives with a group and then decides.The last two styles, c onsensus and laissez-fair, belongs to the nondirective category. By the consensus style has every member of the group an equal voice in making decisions, the laissez-faire style leaves it up to the group to decide what to do.Overall, to achieve a high level of effectiveness a leader has to find a balance in emphasizing the work and people orientations of leadership tasks

Advantages Of Aluminium As A Shipbuilding Material Engineering Essay

Advantages Of atomic number 13 As A Shipbuilding Material Engineering EssayThe use of aluminum in whatsoever vas involves a radical set of production methods compared to traditional embarkbuilding growthes. Hence, the methods utilise for the construction of aluminum vessels are an important mover in the feasibility study. The welding of aluminum is susceptible to hot cracking and arouse only be done using certain processes. It is important to practice the correct welding methods to serve incompatible purposes. As aluminium technology matures over the years, new production methods such as aluminium extrusions were introduced in a bid to save time and which has to a fault proven to be economical.The use of aluminium in ocean transportbuilding exists in both forms first on that point is the aluminium- sword ship, where in the case, the superstructure is made from aluminium intended for topside weight saving, and the withdraw made from marque. Then thither is the all-a luminium ship, with the purpose of achieving a considerable boilers suit reduction in weight. It is important to beneathstand that though twain forms have their advantages, there are instauration issues that must be addressed related to the use of aluminium in oceanic vessel.Background1.2.1 Advantages of aluminium as a shipbuilding satisfyingAluminiums most important characteristic is its light weight. When coupled with a reasonable bendable strength, it has grown to become the choice of material for m each marine ships in the world. In a research by Wade (1996), when it comes to naval shipbuilding, mission power is the most heavily evaluated criteria of the program. Speed is an change magnitudely important parameter under mission capability due to the shift in the maritime strategy of the worlds navies from blue-water trading operations that include traditional Anti-Submarine Warfare, Anti-Air Warfare and Surface Action to littoral operations focusing on surveillance, mi ne-clearing, counter-terrorism and support for landing operations.Ship Structure committal (2012) suggests that there are many intention parameters that nates be optimized for a better performance, where structural weight is one such parameter that gives the most out of speak to efficiency. According to Lamb and Beavers (2010), a decrease in weight relates directly to the reduction in material addresss and operating costs throughout the overhaul life opus reduction in the power demand gives a nobleer fuel efficiency, higher speed, longer range and supernumerary tonnage capacity. Also, aluminium gives additional benefits in the form of maintenance cost nest egg, where less painting is required.Brown (1999) mentioned that corrosion protection offered by aluminium is around 100 quantify slower than structural steel. The excellent corrosion-resistance of aluminium owes its trait to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms immediately when the alloy is exposed to air, p rotecting it from external elements. The use of whippersnapper material like aluminium after part too lead to stealth improvement (International Ship Structure Committee, 2012).In a timespan of and over a decade, aluminium high speed vessels have evolved from 30m long vessels that carried passengers and operated in littoral waters, to 120m long vessels that could carry both passengers and vehicles which operated in the open waters.Ship Structure Committee (2012) gave an overview of the prospect of aluminium in naval shipbuilding. Aluminium is a growingly popular metal in the marine industry, typically the naval shipbuilding industry because of the deep range of physical and mechanical properties that can be created through the alloying process. Aluminium can be alloyed with chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, scandium, silicon, silver, tin, titanium, zinc and zirconium. This wide range of alloying produces different grades of metal each with different properties.Promising p roperties includes reduction in latent hostility corrosion susceptibility, improving of toughness, strength and hardness, improving of strength without a decrease in ductility, unattackable weldability, increase in tensile strength, elimination of hot cracking in welds, decrease in electrical conductivity and reduction in quench-sensitivity.However, the discrepancy of the material property and behaviour of aluminium was found to vary with different sources (Sielski, 2007). The differences come as a result of different standards used for determining give out strength. almost tests were done using a 50-mm gage length that measures only weld metal and heat-affected zone, and other tests use a 250-mm gage length sample that includes the tail end metal. Shown in the following is one such example of aluminiums yield strength discrepancy.Table (1), extracted from (Sielski, 2007).1.2.2 Disadvantages of aluminium as a shipbuilding materialLike any other material, aluminium also has its drawbacks. The two most important properties of a material are perhaps its yield strength and modulus of elasticity, a structure leave behind be designed with considerations around the two properties to check into that it is able to withstand a given load without exceeding certain permissible deflections and stress level, where the stress level is equal to the yield stress divided by a factor of safety.Albeit aluminium alloy has a high strength-to-weight ratio, it is to be noted that for every(prenominal) strong aluminium alloy in terms of yield strength, there is a stronger structural steel available. In terms of Modulus of Elasticity, which is the measure of stiffness of a material, aluminium and steel measures at 69 GPa and 200 GPa respectively. Since aluminiums stiffness is only a third of steel, it will likely be alter three times more easily than steel if put under high strain. Therefore the use of aluminium alloy is generally only control to vessels of up to 130 meters i n length (Ship Structure Committee, 2008) the longer the vessel the more stiffening is required, until a point of impracticability. The figure below illustrates the undefined yield strength of an aluminium alloy as compared to mild steel. It is important to note that for aluminium, normally 0.2% strain marge or proof stress is used for design purposes.Yield Strength of Steel and AluminiumFigure (1), graph germinaten from (http//aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/eng/default.asp?catid=217pageid=2144417131)Another consideration is the low melting point of aluminium. As a naval vessel will likely be subjected to on- room fire if it comes under attack, the expiry of mechanical properties of aluminium when temperature exceeds 200C (Ferraris, 2005) is unfavourable. Some sort societies and navies do not permit the use of aluminium for structural applications. While DnV, ABS and RINA permit the use of light alloy and AA5xxx series, Lloyds register does not.Brown (1999) noted that the cost of aluminium is roughly five times the cost of steel. Though it may be feasible to replace structural steel with aluminium alloy in view of the latters weight-saving and corrosion resistance properties, but it might not necessarily be economical.Table (2)Current MethodsTo determine the applicability of aluminium in naval vessels, it is important to look at the current aluminium technology available. The manufacturing and production process for aluminium is relatively new. Aluminium welding like the FSW process was invented just two decades ago at the Welding Institute in the UK. For aluminium usages to be feasible for large scale production of naval vessels, and so the overall productivity must be improved. Such can be achieved through the application of aluminium extrusion and FSW as these methods offer significant cost savings (Collette et al., 2008). The animate studies on the reliability of aluminium stiffened panels can also give a clear idea of some of the impacts of al uminium usage.1.3.1 Aluminium extrusionsAdding to the advantages of using aluminium is its ability to be extruded. Extrusion can allow complex design of stiffeners to be produced which can, if used appropriately curtail the effect of stresses experienced in the mid-ship constituent due to withdraw girder warp. Collette et al. (2008) researched on the crowning(prenominal) strength and optimization of aluminium extrusions. Extrusion allows a designer to replace conventional welded plates or stiffeners with extruded profiles of varying weightinesses and it can be used on decks and side shells, places with large amount of area for an increase in weight savings. This method efficaciously reduces the number of welds to be performed and also reduces the complexity of the overall design of the structure.The study examined three different types of extruded stiffeners, the conventional T type, the sandwich type and the hat type for use on board a high-speed vessel. The performance of a ll three types was found to be equivalent, and the study concluded that the panel should be selected primaryd on considerations rather than which has the outgo strength to weight ratio. Such considerations may include cost, ease of construction and material fag out. In the figure below, the joining of conventional plate to the stiffener requires welding while for the extruded panel, both the plate and stiffener is extruded as a single unit.Sectional view of Aluminium Extrusion panelsFigure (2)1.3.2 MIG and FSW weldingTo consider the feasibility of using aluminium in shipbuilding, it is important to look at aluminiums weldability. Metal-Inert-Gas (MIG) welding, a subtype of Gas-Metal-Arc-Welding (GMAW) is the earliest form of welding for aluminium plates. In the 1950-60s, further developments gave more versatility which resulted in a extremely used industrial process nowadays.Until recently, a new and better method of aluminium welding is invented, namely the Friction-Stir-Weld ing (FSW). FSW is a new concept of welding where the metal is not melted for the joining process so that the mechanical properties remain unaltered as much as possible. The join between the two plates is then softened for the metal to fuse using mechanical pressure.Kulekci (2010) notes that the FSW increases tensile, impact, and fatigue strength of the welded joint as compared to MIG process. Less hardness change and a narrower heat-affected zone can be expected in the welded material as less heat is produced from the FSW process. Higher heat intensity from the MIG process can damage the mechanical properties of aluminium. By using FSW, production rate and quality will increase and production costs will decrease.Friction-Stir Welding ProcessFigure (3), pictures from (http//www.fpe.co.uk/processes/friction-stir-welding)1.3.3 Heat-Affected ZoneMahoney et al. (1998) researched on the FSW process induced Heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 7075 T-651 aluminium alloy. A series of tensile tes ts both longitudinal and transverse to the weld produced results that showed the weakest neck of the woods is at the lower temperature location in spite of appearance 7 to 8mm from the edge of the weld area. While the average weldable aluminium alloy displays a 30 to 60% reduction in yield and ultimate strength, the loss in ultimate strength of FSW aluminium alloy is only around 25% and the yield strength at the HAZ is about 45% less than the base metal.1.3.4 Strength and reliability in aluminium stiffened panelsBenson, Downes and Dow (2009) note that as aluminium alloy is an established structural material in the shipbuilding industry for high speed crafts and naval vessels, the analysis for large high speed craft operating in ocean environments have since developed rigorous methodologies for the evaluation of ultimate strength in the hull girder.The fast increase in capacity and size of aluminium vessels has led to the demand in new engineering tools and solutions to effectively analyse the structural performance of these vessels. sensation of it could be the analysis on the ultimate and fatigue strength of aluminium stiffened panels. The ultimate and fatigue strength of the panels can be predicted by using the Reliability method, which consists of firstly using limit state equations to determine when the structural member has failed. Secondly, to determine the average value and the order of battle of random variables distribution in the limit state equation. Then the final step is to estimate the probability of a failure.Collette (2005) researched that in the filter-life or S-N fatigue approach, the fatigue life of a material is determined by applying continuously a varying load of constant amplitude until a crack is observed. However the main drawback is that it is not able to give feedback on the seriousness or the size of the crack. That is where the Initial-propagation of I-P method proved to be more reusable. The main difference between both is t hat when the crack starts to form in the material, I-P method can estimate the growth using a fracture mechanics model.1.3.5 All-aluminium naval shipWith all the existing technologies and methods available for aluminium shipbuilding, aluminium has the potential to replace steel in the future as the main ship construction material. Lamb and Beavers (2010) studied on the significance of an all-aluminium naval ship. It proposes two types of aluminium frigate, one with a reduced draft, the other an aluminium equivalent of a steel frigate, with identical draft and similar in weight. Aluminium ship with a reduced draft can allow for a reduction of block coefficient, thereby reducing resistance and increasing speed. With a finer hull, less power is required for propulsion, in turn cutting costs during operation.The authors went on to conduct an analysis of steel and aluminium equivalent naval vessel design focusing on the acquisition and ownership costs. The findings showed that an alumini um ship can be constructed with just 7.5% of the cost of an equivalent steel ship even though 50% more labour hours are required for construction of the aluminium ship. The authors highlighted that this is possible due to the overwhelming benefits of aluminiums significantly luminousness weight. Aluminium ship was also found to have operational and ownership cost advantages. Furthermore, advancement of aluminium technology in manufacturing process and design methods has closed in(p) the gap between steel and aluminium acquisition costs which in some cases, shipyards are producing aluminium structures more cost effectively than equivalent steel structures.1.3.6 Hull-superstructure interactionOne of the important factors to consider when designing a naval vessel is its hull-superstructure interaction. With the aid of structural analysis software MAESTRO, Hughes and Jeom (2010) determined that Hull-Superstructure Interaction is a very complex study that can only be visualised effecti vely through 3D finite element model, rather than an inadequate communicate theory. The vertical center of gravity for any naval vessel is critical, therefore it is important to keep the center of gravity as low as possible, any by reducing the size or using a lighter material in the superstructure.Another important thing to note of Hull-Superstructure Interaction is the superstructure perseverance with the ship side. A superstructure will participate substantially in hull girder bending in vertical continuation with the ship sides if the superstructure is long and continuous. It will bear the same bending radius as the hull. If the superstructure rises from the same plane as that of the ship sides, then the bending will be maximal. To exclude the superstructure from any hull girder bending, it is possible to do so through offsetting it from the side sides. If superstructure is not in line with the ship sides, due to the flexibility of the deck beams, the sides of the superstruc ture can be subjected to a much larger radius of curvature. In the case of such design, then an intermediate transverse bulkhead must be included in amid-ship for the purpose of terminating undue cyclic deflections and stresses in the deck structure.The above are especially critical as a design consideration with regards to naval vessels. To further complicate matters in a naval vessel, the amid-ship portion is used for RAS operation, or Replenishment At Sea. RAS operations are very difficult manoeuvres to execute and it has to take place in amid-ship due to the heavier pitching motions of the vessel at both ends. In addition to that, RAS operations also require a large open deck area on both sides of the vessel. This means a reduction in the size, or width of the superstructure in amid-ship, precisely the area which experiences the largest hull girder bending.1.3.7 Fatigue-induced crackingIn the case of an aluminium superstructure, the fatigue experienced will be even greater than for an equivalent steel superstructure (Grabovac et al., 1999). The cases of similar Royal Australian Navy FFG-7 class frigates which experienced fatigue-induced cracking in the aluminium superstructure were caused by a combination of applied cyclic stresses and stress concentration interacting with a region of material weakness.This problem of fatigue-induced cracking has surfaced in almost all ships of this class. The vessel has a continuous aluminium superstructure welded atop a steel hull, which is prone to a substantial amount of hull-girder bending (Hughes and Jeom, 2010). This further reflects on how the Hull-Superstructure Interaction can affect a vessel. In the case of their study, composite material is then chosen for repairing of the cracked region by adhesive bonding, which proved to be working later on with subsequent series of assessments.MethodologyLamb and Beavers (2010) introduced three types of ship for their study, the baseline steel, the aluminium reduced draf t and the aluminium reduced block coefficient ship for comparison. The aluminium reduced block coefficient has the same draft as the baseline steel ship but its block coefficient is much lower than the other aluminium ship.The authors designed a 10m long mid-ship component of a naval vessel and then derived the scantlings using the ABS High Speed Naval Craft Rules. The scantlings include steel, aluminium and aluminium extrusion. Subsequently, bending moment and stress calculations were performed and the results shown were much less than the design stress of 23.5 t/cm for steel and 12.4 t/cm for aluminium. Reasons for the huge differences were given that most of the plating is based on allowable minimum thickness rather than that derived from the formulas.1.4.1 one-dimensional Stress AnalysisThe structural study in the present(a) paper will adopt the Linear Stress Analysis method. uniform to the work of Lamb and Beavers (2010), the material behaviour in this study will only be lo oked at in the elastic range. In the Linear Stress Analysis, the stress is assumed to be directly proportional to the strain and the structural deformations are proportional to the load. Shown below is the stress-strain graph of a material, where the limit of proportionality is the limit of the Linear Stress Analysis. Considerations will not be made for the behaviour after the limit of proportionality. Where (C) is the proof stress of the material.Stress-strain graphFigure (4), graph interpreted from (http//www.sr.bham.ac.uk/xmm/structures3.html)In the case of Non- linear Stress Analysis, problems are solved by applying the load slowly, and then take account of the deflection with each increment. Stresses will be updated with each increment until the full load is applied. A more complex Non-linear FEA requires iterations for equilibrium with each increment hence it is a computationally expensive approach.1.5 DiscussionAluminium usage in naval shipbuilding has been increasing steadil y over the years as shown in the literature above. Commercial and merchant aluminium vessels were create with different purposes and intentions in mind, some built for an increase in speed, some for more capacity and some simply for costs saving. In the case of naval ships however, they share more similarities. Common objectives would be an increase in speed and payload, if not for a reduction in draft. It is therefore important to understand what different aluminium alloys can offer for different specific function of the ship.Aluminium alloy as mentioned earlier was found to have some discrepancies among various governing this might be due to the poor definition of aluminiums yield strength due to the nature of its properties. Nonetheless, aluminiums yield strength will be taken as 0.2% of its strain limit.Designing an all-aluminium vessel of a 130m in length is an inherently complex task, and the strongest design, most up-to-date methods of production and manufacturing must be a dopted to reduce the risk of a structural failure. Due to the nature of the method employed in this paper, where a standard steel hull will be replaced by an aluminium equivalent, it is important to consider the application of aluminium extrusion as a more effective way to increase the stiffness of the hull to ensure no deformation takes place prematurely. As fatigue-induced stresses was found on almost all of the FFG-7 class frigates, there is a need to study the hull-superstructure interaction of the vessel and understand the effects if applied on an all-aluminium vessel.Among the past studies, few have made comparison between a steel ship and an aluminium ship. One notable work is from Lamb and Beavers (2010), which based their calculations on a hypothesised frigate. This present paper differentiates from that in a way that it looks at the differences between the two materials if used on an existing vessel. For a ship that already has an optimum hull form, and re-designing it wou ld be irrelevant due to specific mission capabilities, it will be useful to adopt this approach. Another way to look at it is that certain navies might prefer to build an aluminium equivalent of a steel Off-the-Shelf (OTS) ship like the FFG-7 which has proven to be a cheap and seaworthy ship, than to completely redesign an entire vessel. The design process of a new naval vessel can take up to several years.Apart from that, the past research of the all-aluminium ship with its cost and feasibility study was found to be outdated and non-applicable to the present year. The present research will provide an up to date costs comparison between steel and aluminium, inclusive of costs incurred in the welding process, and with the additional consideration for aluminium extrusions. Also critical will be the consideration of the various methods of welding.It is important to note that there are limitations within this feasibility study. The Linear Stress Analysis method adopted is only accurate to a certain extent and Non-linear Stress Analysis method should be adopted for any future work in this topic. Also, there are considerations which will not be covered in this feasibility study. Factors such as the pretermit of root for aluminium naval shipbuilding in terms of aluminium workshops and supply of aluminium panels will not be considered. Limitations may also include the lack of skilled workers and expertise in aluminium manufacturing and ship production.1.6 Aims and ObjectivesIn short, the purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using aluminium as a naval shipbuilding material. To achieve that, it is necessary to include the common shipbuilding material, steel, for comparison. This paper aims to give a clearer comparison, in terms of designs, methods used, costs incurred and production time of the two ships.The US Navy FFG-7 class frigate will be used as a base ship. Designed in the mid-1970s by Bath Iron plant life and partner Gibbs Cox, FFG-7 frigate is intended to serve as an inexpensive escort ship. Its area of operations includes protecting merchant convoys, replenish groups, landing forces, submarines and carrier battle groups also performing anti-submarine warfare or surface action. The frigate has a steel hull with an aluminium superstructure intended for weight saving.The overall bending stress characteristics in the mid-ship component part of the frigate will be presented through load, buoyancy, shear force and bending moment calculations one with steel hull and the other, a hypothesised aluminium hull of the same dimensions. Essentially, restricting the dimensions of the hull for an aluminium equivalent will result in an increase in plate thickness due to the reduction in the section moduli of aluminium. An alternate(a) could be the increase in the number of stiffeners to be used and ultimately, the final design of the aluminium equivalent mid-ship section should include both methods for a section modulus increment. The results produced should show that an aluminium hull would still be sufficient in terms of section modulus to keep the maximum bending stress values under the design stress of the frigate, at 131.75 N/mm (Ship Structure Committee, 2002).All calculations in the present structural analysis will be based upon the linear elastic region of the materials only. Through the study on a mid-ship section, it can provide an idea of the stress characteristics of the entire vessel as the maximum bending moment will usually takes place in that region. Finite Element Analysis software MAESTRO will be used to model a mid-ship section of the naval vessel and give a better understanding of the structural stresses acting on the aluminium hull.The paper will go on further to present the costs relating to the two ships, in terms of acquisition, productivity and ownership of the vessels with respect to the current steel and aluminium prices. The results from the study will be analysed and discussed, af ter that the conclusion will be drawn accordingly.

Capitalism, Marketing, and the Insidious and Covert Co-optation of the

Capitalism, Marketing, and the Insidious and Covert Co-optation of the SelfSubtitle A Manifesto for Avatars 1. Introducing Avatars AVATARA-Sanskrit. ava-down, tarati-he goes, passes beyond literally, a descent, a conception described in the Bhagavad gita, quaternate Teaching, 1-8 where Krishna confides when goodness grows weak, when evil increases, I make myself a body. (OED) Originally referring to the incarnation of Hindu deities, avatars in the computing realms have come to mean any of the several(a) strap-on visual agents that represent the user in increasing numbers of 2 and 3D worlds. (Lonehead, ONLINE SOURCE, NO PAGE NUM) This essay studies the covert, market driven forces at release in our choices of images for the avatars inhabiting cyberspace, in order to understand the dangers of the exchange of self-images for advertisements. To forge a set of alternative resistant and forceful conditions for imaging what Sherry Turkle has termed the second self, tactics ground in i maging, language, and psychology can be opposed to the insidious and covert co-optation of the self by commodities. This essay is an attempt to examine the construction of alternative figures as models of resistance. The Manifesto for Avatars offers a formal set of oppositional strategies for constructing unconsumable self-images. The apparent freedom of identity and gender enjoyed by the participants in multi-user domains and the Internet in general (Langley, Stone) is a dangerous illusion, masking the corporate agendas dominating the nature and spirit of the construction of cyberspace and avatars. Imagine an internet chat room where we are all be by the commodity of our choice. Much like the large, recognizable logos th... ...hler, L. Cartwright, and C. Penley. New York New York University Press, 1998, 312-314 Stephenson, Neal. SnowCrash, New York, Bantam Books, 1992. Stone, Allucquere Rosanne.Will the Real Body Please al-Qaida Up? Boundary Stories About Virtual Cultures. In Cy berspace First Steps, ed. Benedikt, 82-85. Talking Heads. Once in a Lifetime. Perf. David Byrne, Brian Eno, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, Tina Weymouth. Remain in Light. Sire Records, 1980. Thacker, Eugene. .../visible_human.html/digital anatomy and the hyper-texted body, CTHEORY, 2 June, 1998. Online, n pag. Oct. 1998. http//www.ctheory.com/a60.html Turkle, Sherry. The Second Self-Computers and the Human Spirit. New York Simon and Schuster, 1984. Ziff-Davis TV, Inc. If You Build It, They Will Come. thesite The Avatars 97 Conference. Aug. 1997 Online, n pag. ZdNet Sept. 1998 .

Fear of Terrorism :: Personal Narrative Writing

Fear of TerrorismSince the events of 9/11, we in the Western domain of a function have fin everyy gotten ourselves in tune with the most basic and vital of human instincts fear. From the beginning of time, as we coco wizardd ourselves in our cave dwellings (early precursor of the gated community), and trembled at the expectation of roving sabre toothed tigers, passing storms, and even clouds crossing the face of the moon, fear has been our constant companion. It has been fear of one kind and another that has been responsible for all of the wars, laws and technological developments that have shaped and guided our great civilizations. If it werent for fear of barbarian invaders, we wouldnt even have nations to begin with. If not for fear of shuffling off this someone coil, there would be no organized religions. Fear of growing old has fuelled any number of delightful and innovative multi billion dollar industries. Fear of organism left behind economically has allowed our cherished m ultinational corporations to become the most powerful and dominant political forces on the planet, unencumbered by parochial, obsolete laws that had erstwhile protected the environment and so-called human rights.Sure, there are naysayers who would point to some of the less savoury aspects of our Western history - witch burnings, wars, genocides - and say that peradventure fear is something negative, something that we need to evolve out of if we are going to survive as a species. It is exactly this sort of namby-pambyish attitude that was directly responsible for the tragical events of 9/11. Fear, and fear alone, could have prevented those despicable acts. Furthermore, I denounce anybody who says otherwise as an intellectual terrorist.Of course, there is no end of things to be afraid of pollute water, child abductions, children, AIDS, people with AIDS, unpleasant odours, poor people, drug addicts, teenagers, greasy build-up, bad breath, home invasions, poetry, foreigners, gays, a rtists, countertop bacteria, organ thieves, unfashionable clothes, brown lawns, shark attacks, dandruff, socialists. Fortunately, there are utilize corporate scientists working around the clock on solutions - everything from pesticides to space age polymers to missile defense - that will eventually eliminate each and every one of these potential threats. In the meantime, though, it is up to each of us to do our part. If there has been one positive thing that has come out of the terrible events of that September day, it has been the particular that we are now able to give one, all-encompassing label to the seemingly endless sources of our fear.